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The white Boxer carries two doses of the extreme white spotting gene, s-w (s-w/s-w) and is produced by theso-called flashy animals, which, in the UK Boxer, carry one dose of the gene.
So, here, all our show Boxers are carriers. Crossing these together gives 25% whites, 50% flashy and 25% solid coloured.
In the classic work on coat colour in dogs by mouse geneticist CC Little, some flashy US Boxers were thoughtto carry a different form of the white spotting gene, s-I (Irish spotting). They would have two doses of the gene, like Basenjis or Boston's. I have not found any evidence of this form in UK Boxers.
If you find real checks appearing in American Boxers, then you may have this s-I form of the gene still present. These would be compounds of the s-w and s-I, as demonstrated recently in my cross of a s-i/s-i Corgi with a white s-w/s-w Boxer.
I might add here that there is some movement at the UK Breed Council level to recognize that the flashy show Boxers all carry the gene for white and accept that breeding them together to produce whites will soon be considered unethical. Solid Boxers may be promoted both for showing and breeding.
Whites are commonly put down here too, not just because of the risk of deafness but because they are so difficult to home happily. They are bought cheap and regrettably are liable to be treated cheap, although many do find ideal homes.
As to deafness, the genetic basis of white in Boxers is the same as in Dalmatians, albeit without the ticking factor to give the spots. In the UK the incidence of deafness in Dalmatians is about 5% bilaterally deaf and 13% unilaterally deaf, total affected 18%. In the States according to Strain the figures are somewhat higher,8% bilateral and 22% unilateral, total affected 30%. I do not know of any good figures for Boxers but it would be reasonable to believe that the incidence is similar. Only the bilaterally deaf Boxers would be recognized of course; under 10%.
The cause of the deafness associated with the white colour is the absence of pigment cells in the inner ear resulting in a loss of sensory hair cells at about 6 - 8 weeks of age. The shortage/absence of pigment cells is also the cause of the white coat and unpigmented third eyelids (haw). Generally speaking, the more pigmentin the coat the lower will be the risk of deafness, but all predominantly white dogs are at risk of being deaf.
Please note however, that not all white dogs are white because of a lack of pigment cells. Some like West Highlands and Poodles just have extremely diluted pigmentation; they have a full complement of pigment cells, so are not at risk of being deaf. Biscuit shading, commonly around the ears and along the back can distinguish this form of white coat.
There are of course many other causes of deafness in dogs, people, mice etc. Very many deafness genes are known in mice. Not all are attributable to the absence of pigment cells. And deafness can be caused by external factors too.
Colours in Boxers
Fawn
- All Boxers have a fawn base coat.
The brindling pattern, and white colour
markings are modifiers of this base coat.
Dogs appearing fawn do not have the
genes for the brindle modifier. Two
fawns bred together will always
produce 100% fawn puppies (leaving
the white markings out of the equation for now).
Brindle
- Brindles have a fawn base coat, but
also a modifying gene that produces brindle
striping. The stripes may be sparse, and far
apart, or so large and numerous that the dog
appears black, especially when very young,
or from a distance. The dog may have one
or two genes for the brindle modifier.
If the dog has two genes for brindling (the dog is said to be "homozygous"), then they will always produce only brindle puppies, even if bred to a fawn (again leaving the white markings out of the equation). A dog with one brindling gene, and one non-brindling gene ("heterozygous"), that is bred to a fawn, on average, will produce 50% fawn and 50% brindle. Two brindles that are heterozygous for the brindling gene are bred together, then on average they will produce 25% fawn, and 75% brindle. Furthermore, 1/3 of the brindles (25% of all puppies) will be homozygous brindle, capable of producing only brindle puppies. A heterozygous brindle bred to a homozygous brindle will produce all brindle puppies; half will be homozygous, half-heterozygous. And of course, the fawn-homozygous brindle mating would produce 100% brindle heterozygous puppies - brindles capable of producing fawns.
White marking - White markings are controlled by a gene that is totally separate from the base colour. White Boxers often have fawn or brindle spots, indicating whether they would have had a fawn or brindle base colour, had not their white markings been so extreme.
There are some disagreements about the actual genes involved in white markings in Boxers, but basically, "plain" or almost solid colour Boxers, are believed to have either no genes for white markings, or as having genes for the "low end" of the white marking scale. White Boxers are seen as having two genes for the extreme of the usual white marking pattern. Flashy Boxers are seen as having one gene for no white markings (or low-end markings), and one gene for extreme white markings.
Two white Boxers will always produce 100% white puppies. Exacted percentages when two flashy Boxers arebred together are 25% plain, 50% flashy, and 25% white. When two plain Boxers from show lines are bred together, they are expected to produce 100% coloured (non-white) puppies, though markings may vary.
WHITE BOXERS
THE TRUTH
White Boxers and Deafness
by Bruce Cattanach
Having just written a long review article on white colour and deafness in Dalmatians for the British dog press I should make a comment on this situation in Boxers.
The term’s whites and checks appear to be being used interchangeably in recent correspondence. They are different. The white Boxer may have pigmented patches around the eyes and ears and other limited points on the body, but the check, as shown in old time photos has much more pigment and could be called piebald (50:50).
White Boxer General Information
White Boxers are not caused by genetic birth defects. Just as human hair colour is the product of the combined genetics of the human parents, the colour of a Boxer's coat is also a product of the genetics contributed by both the father and mother. The exclusively white coat is created when both the mother and father are carriers of the gene that makes up the white coat and the offspring inherits the white coat gene from both the father and the mother. In every way the puppy is the same as all of its siblings, with all the energy, personality, and spirit that make them boxers.
White Boxers are not albinos. Albinos completely lack pigment; evidenced by pink eyes, and a completelack of colour anywhere on the body. Most white boxers have some spots on their skin (which can be seen due to their short white coats) and have some dark markings around their nose and mouth. Somewhite boxers have coloured markings in their coat (brown spots around an eye or on the back, etc). All white boxers have pigment in their eyes - even the sky blue eyes are pigmented. These facts alone ruleout albinism as the cause of their whiteness.
According to the American Boxer Club "Approximately twenty-five percent (and this is an estimation as exact records have not been maintained) of all Boxer puppies are either white or almost all white, making white puppies neither 'rare' nor 'unusual.'" Since the white coat colour is recessive, both parents need to be carriers of the gene that creates white offspring.
The boxer breed standard stipulates that two-thirds of the body be either fawn or brindle in colour. Because of this limitation, white boxers do not meet the breed standard and are therefore frequently euthanized at birth. Many breeders feel that white Boxers are inferior to standard coloured Boxers and have more health problems than those of standard coloured boxers do and therefore this genocide is easily dismissed. The American Boxer Club does not actively discourage this behaviour. Many local breed clubs have this same philosophy and still have by-laws calling for the euthanization of any white offspring. It is for this reason that there is much controversy over white Boxers with no end in sight.
It is a positive sign though that an increasing number of breeders are electing to place their non-standard boxers in pet homes rather than destroying them. It is for the same reason that there is inadequate research to either substantiate or dissuade the claims that white Boxers are more prone to problems than standard boxers. The only claims that seem to have merit is that white Boxers are more likely to sunburn and white Boxers (like many other breeds with similar loss of pigment problems) are more prone to deafness in one or both ears. Neither of these reasons provides a compelling argument for the necessary destruction of these animals.
Hopefully, with the increasing number of breeders placing these dogs in pet homes, we can finally establish some substantial research into white Boxers.
There are a lot of myths and legends floating around out there about the white boxer. Let's try to address some of them.
White boxers are rare. This is not true. Any time a person breeds a flashy boxer (white on the muzzle, stockings, and/or on the neck) to another flashy boxer, approximately 25% of the puppies will be white.
White boxers are albinos. Not true. Albinos have a complete lack of pigmentation on the skin and have pink eyes. White boxers have black noses, black pigmented spots on their skin, and most of them have brown eyes. A small percentage of whites have one or both blue eyes, but they are still not an albino. White boxers are less healthy than colored boxers. This is absolutely not true. All boxers are prone to certain conditions that have nothing to do with their color. Heart disease, hypothyroidism, and cancer can afflict any boxer, regardless of color. There are only two extra health concerns with whites. The first is that an estimated 18% of white boxers are unilaterally (one ear) or bilaterally (both ears) deaf.
This deafness is caused by a lack of pigmentation in the inner ear, and can be detected at an early age. It is important to know that deaf boxers can be trained with hand signals, and can make an absolutely wonderful pet. If you are interested in adopting a deaf white, we will direct you to a reputable obedience school where you can learn to teach the dog through hand signals. Deaf boxers can also do very well in a home where there is already another dog in residence, as they learn to follow the lead of the other dog.
The only other health concern for white boxers is that
they are more susceptible to sunburn. Their white fur
lacks protective pigmentation, and because of that,
sunscreen should be used when your white boxer
is out in the sun for any length of time. There are
several canine sunscreen products available on the
market, and when used, the risk of sunburn is eliminated.
Beyond that, white boxers are no more and no less
healthy than colored boxers are.
We hope that you will take a look at the many lovely
white boxers that are available for adoption. Each
one is a unique character worthy of your consideration
and love, and perhaps you will find your new family
member amongst those that are available, is for this
reason that there is much controversy over white
Boxers with no end in sight.
White Boxer Quick Facts:
By Sarah Anderson
10 Quick White Boxer FAQ's
1. White boxers are not rare.
2. Approximately 25 percent of all boxers born are white.
3. White boxers are not albinos.
4. White boxers can sunburn easy.
5. White boxers can be deaf and sometimes blind.
6. It has never been proven that whites are sicker and have more cancer
7. White boxers should not be bred, sold or shown
8. White boxers should be spayed/neutered.
9. White boxers have the same temperament and personality as coloured boxers.
10. Check boxers are whites that have spots of fawnor brindle on them.
